### Dandruff Dandruff is characterized by small white flakes of dead skin on the scalp. It's not contagious or dangerous but can be itchy and annoying. The exact cause is unknown, but it may be related to a fungus. Treatment involves using medicated shampoos containing ingredients like zinc pyrithione, selenium sulfide, or ketoconazole. If dandruff persists, see a doctor for stronger treatments. ### Lice Lice are tiny insects that feed on blood and lay eggs close to the scalp. They are common in children and spread through close contact or sharing personal items. Treatment includes over-the-counter products with ingredients like permethrin or pyrethrin. Thoroughly clean the house, wash clothes and bedding in hot water, and use a fine-toothed comb to remove eggs. ### Ringworm Ringworm is a fungal infection that causes red, scaly patches and hair loss on the scalp. It's spread through close contact or sharing personal items. Treatment involves oral antifungal medications and using antifungal shampoos to prevent spreading. Avoid sharing personal items to reduce the risk of infection. ### Folliculitis Folliculitis is an infection of the hair follicles, often caused by bacteria. It appears as small, pus-filled pimples. Mild cases may resolve on their own, but antibiotics can help. Avoid shaving or plucking the affected area and keep it clean and dry. ### Psoriasis Psoriasis causes thick, crusted scales on the scalp due to an overproduction of skin cells. Treatment includes steroid creams, tar shampoos, and ultraviolet light therapy. Severe cases may require oral or injectable medications. ### Lichen Planus Lichen planus causes flat-topped, purple or reddish bumps on the skin, often itchy. It's believed to be an autoimmune condition. Treatment includes steroid medications, immune-modulating creams, and antihistamines for itching. Ultraviolet light therapy may also be used.