### Treatment Options for Atopic Dermatitis in Children and Their Side Effects **Topical Treatments:** 1. **Topical Steroids:** These are commonly prescribed to reduce itching and inflammation. Side effects can include thinning skin, stretch marks, acne, rashes, or spider veins. 2. **Ruxolitinib (Opzelura):** Blocks enzymes JAK1 and JAK2 to reduce itching and redness. Approved for children 12 and older. Side effects include application site reactions. 3. **Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors (TCIs):** Tacrolimus (Protopic) and Pimecrolimus (Elidel) prevent immune cells from causing inflammation. Side effects include mild burning or stinging. 4. **Crisaborole (Eucrisa):** Blocks enzyme PDE4 to reduce inflammation. Approved for children 3 months and older. Side effects include pain, burning, or stinging. **Prescription Oral Medications:** 1. **Antibiotics:** Used for skin infections. Side effects are usually mild. 2. **Oral Steroids:** Short-term use for severe cases. Long-term use can cause serious side effects like high blood pressure and kidney damage. 3. **Antihistamines:** Help reduce itching. Generally safe but can cause drowsiness. 4. **Immunosuppressants:** Used off-label for severe cases. Side effects include increased infection risk, high blood pressure, and organ damage. Example: Upadacitinib (Rinvoq). **Biologics:** - **Dupilumab (Dupixent):** Targets immune system proteins to reduce inflammation. Approved for children 6 months and older. Side effects include pinkeye and injection site reactions. **Phototherapy:** - Uses UV light to reduce inflammation. Side effects include burns, redness, and rarely, skin cancer. Typically involves 2-3 sessions per week for several weeks or months.