### Understanding Type 2 Diabetes and Its Treatments Type 2 diabetes is a condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin, a hormone that helps move sugar (glucose) from the bloodstream into cells for energy. Over time, the pancreas can't produce enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels stable, leading to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Various medications help manage this condition by targeting different aspects of the body's glucose regulation. #### How Medications Work 1. **Metformin**: This is often the first medication prescribed. It works by reducing glucose production in the liver and improving the body's sensitivity to insulin. 2. **Sulfonylureas**: These drugs stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin. 3. **DPP-4 Inhibitors**: They help increase insulin production and decrease the amount of glucose the liver releases. 4. **GLP-1 Receptor Agonists**: These medications mimic a natural hormone that increases insulin release and decreases glucagon (a hormone that raises blood sugar) levels. 5. **SGLT2 Inhibitors**: They help the kidneys remove glucose from the bloodstream through urine. 6. **Insulin Therapy**: In some cases, patients may need to inject insulin to help manage their blood sugar levels. #### Complications of High Blood Sugar Chronic high blood sugar can lead to complications like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, nerve damage, and kidney disease. The liver and kidneys play crucial roles in managing blood sugar levels. The liver stores excess glucose and releases it when needed, while the kidneys filter out excess glucose and waste products. #### Monitoring Blood Sugar Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels is essential. Finger prick tests provide immediate readings, while the A1C test gives an average blood sugar level over two to three months. An A1C reading of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes. #### Lifestyle Changes In addition to medication, lifestyle changes such as a balanced diet, regular exercise, and weight management are crucial for controlling type 2 diabetes. Working closely with your healthcare provider will help you develop a comprehensive treatment plan to manage your condition effectively.