### Managing Type 2 Diabetes: Medications, Insulin, and Diet **Oral Medications** - **Metformin**: Often the first medication prescribed. It helps reduce glucose production in the liver and improves insulin sensitivity. Side effects are usually mild, such as stomach upset and diarrhea. - **Sulfonylureas**: These stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin. They are effective but can cause low blood sugar and weight gain. - **DPP-4 Inhibitors**: These help the body release more insulin. They don't usually cause low blood sugar or weight gain. - **SGLT2 Inhibitors**: These help the kidneys remove excess glucose from the body through urine. They can also help with weight loss and reduce the risk of heart and kidney disease. - **GLP-1 Receptor Agonists**: These mimic hormones that help regulate blood sugar and can lead to weight loss. They are usually injected. **Insulin** - **Long-acting Insulin**: Such as insulin glargine (Lantus) or insulin detemir (Levemir), usually taken once a day. - **Rapid-acting Insulin**: Such as insulin lispro (Humalog) or insulin aspart (Novolog), taken before meals. - Most people start with long-acting insulin and may add rapid-acting insulin if needed. **Dietary Recommendations** - **Portion Control**: Managing portion sizes is crucial for weight management and blood sugar control. - **Carbohydrate Management**: Limit simple carbs like white bread and pasta. Opt for whole grains and non-starchy vegetables. - **Healthy Fats**: Include sources of healthy fats like olive oil and avocados. - **Protein**: Lean meats, fish, and plant-based proteins are good choices. - **Fruits**: Choose high-fiber fruits like berries, apples, and pears in moderation. - **Mediterranean Diet**: This diet is rich in vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats, and low in simple carbs and saturated fats. **Exercise** - Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous aerobic activity per week, such as walking or cycling. - Include strength training exercises 2-3 times a week. - Break up long periods of sitting with light activity every 30 minutes. **Self-Care** - Regularly check your blood sugar levels as recommended by your doctor. - Maintain good oral hygiene to prevent gum problems. - Examine your feet daily for any signs of issues like sores or blisters. - Manage stress and seek support for mental health if needed. Consult with your healthcare provider to tailor a treatment plan that suits your individual needs.