### Understanding Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition where the body cannot produce insulin, a hormone necessary for glucose absorption. This leads to high blood sugar levels, known as hyperglycemia. It is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. #### Common Symptoms - **Excessive Thirst and Hunger:** Due to high blood sugar levels, the body becomes dehydrated and craves more food. - **Frequent Urination:** The kidneys work overtime to remove excess glucose from the blood. - **Fatigue:** Without insulin, the body can't use glucose for energy, leading to tiredness. - **Weight Loss:** The body starts breaking down fat for energy, causing weight loss. - **Slow-Healing Sores:** High blood sugar levels can impair the body's ability to heal wounds. #### Complications - **Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA):** Without insulin, the body breaks down fat, producing toxic acids called ketones. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. - **Hypoglycemia:** Too much insulin can cause low blood sugar levels, leading to dizziness, sweating, and confusion. Consuming sugary foods or drinks can help. #### Diagnosis - **Fasting Blood Glucose Test:** Measures blood sugar after 8 hours of fasting. - **Oral Glucose Tolerance Test:** Measures blood sugar after drinking a glucose solution. - **Random Blood Glucose Test:** Measures blood sugar at any time. - **A1C Test:** Provides an average blood sugar level over the past few months. - **Autoantibody Test:** Identifies antibodies that attack pancreatic cells to differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Managing Type 1 diabetes involves regular insulin injections or using an insulin pump, monitoring blood sugar levels, and maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle.