### Main Treatments for Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a lack of insulin production. Therefore, people with type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin therapy. Insulin cannot be taken orally because the stomach's digestive juices will destroy it. Instead, it must be taken by injection using an insulin pen or syringe, or through an insulin pump. Insulin pumps are computerized devices about the size of a cell phone, consisting of an insulin reservoir and a catheter inserted into abdominal fat. The pump continuously injects a small amount of insulin (basal insulin) and allows the user to program higher doses when eating (bolus dose). There is also a rapid-acting form of insulin, Afrezza, that can be inhaled. ### Types of Insulin - **Rapid-acting insulin**: Starts working about 15 minutes after administration, peaks after about one hour, and continues to work for two to four hours. Examples include Afrezza, Humalog, Apidra, and NovoLog. - **Regular (short-acting) insulin**: Starts working after about 30 minutes, peaks after two to three hours, and continues to work for three to six hours. Examples include Humulin R and Novolin R. - **Intermediate-acting insulin**: Starts working after about two to four hours, peaks after 4 to 12 hours, and continues to work for 12 to 18 hours. Examples include Humulin N and Novolin N. - **Long-acting insulin**: Starts working several hours after delivery and has a steady effect over 24 hours. Examples include Levemir and Lantus. ### Other Medications In addition to insulin, some people with type 1 diabetes may take Symlin (pramlintide), an injectable drug that helps manage blood glucose levels after meals by slowing food movement through the stomach and reducing liver glucose production. ### Lifestyle Modifications Certain lifestyle changes can help manage type 1 diabetes: - **Healthy Diet**: Eating balanced meals with controlled carbohydrate intake. - **Regular Exercise**: Helps control blood sugar levels and maintain a healthy weight. - **Foot Care**: Regularly check feet for any issues, as diabetes can cause nerve and blood vessel damage. - **Regular Monitoring**: Frequently check blood glucose levels to manage and adjust treatment as needed.