Osteopenia and osteoporosis are conditions that affect bone health. Osteopenia refers to lower-than-normal bone density, but not as severe as osteoporosis. If untreated, it may progress to osteoporosis, which is a more serious condition where bones become very fragile and prone to fractures. Bone density can be measured with Bone Mineral Density (BMD) tests. If your T-score is between -1 and -2.5, you may be diagnosed with osteopenia; if it is lower than -2.5, it could be osteoporosis. To protect bone health, ensure adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D, engage in regular weight-bearing exercises, avoid smoking and excessive alcohol, and limit caffeine intake. If these strategies are not effective, your doctor might recommend medications to prevent further bone loss.