Osteoporosis makes bones very fragile and thin, significantly increasing the risk of fractures. Postmenopausal women are particularly at risk because their estrogen levels drop dramatically, leading to a rapid decrease in bone density. To reduce the risk of fractures, consider the following measures: 1. **Ensure adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D**: Calcium is crucial for bone health, and vitamin D helps with calcium absorption. Postmenopausal women should aim for at least 1,200 milligrams of calcium daily and an appropriate amount of vitamin D. 2. **Engage in appropriate exercise**: Weight-bearing and flexibility exercises can strengthen bones and improve balance, reducing the risk of falls and fractures. Avoid exercises that put excessive strain on the spine, such as heavy bending or twisting. 3. **Quit smoking and limit alcohol**: Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can negatively affect bone health and increase the risk of fractures. 4. **Prevent falls**: Keep your living space tidy, avoid placing tripping hazards, use non-slip mats, ensure good lighting, and use walking aids if necessary. 5. **Medication**: Under medical supervision, use medications to increase bone density and reduce the risk of fractures.