Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is used to relieve menopause symptoms, especially hot flashes. Women typically take both estrogen and progestin. Those who have had a hysterectomy can take estrogen alone. Estrogen helps alleviate hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms but increases the risk of uterine cancer when taken alone. Many studies have explored the link between HRT and breast cancer. A large study involving over 27,000 post-menopausal healthy women found that the risks of combined HRT (estrogen plus progestin) outweigh the benefits, including increased risks of breast cancer, heart disease, stroke, and blood clots. Combined HRT not only raises the risk of developing breast cancer but also makes it more likely that the cancer will be detected at a later stage due to denser breast tissue, which reduces mammogram effectiveness. If you no longer have a uterus, taking estrogen alone likely does not significantly increase breast cancer risk but does elevate the risk of blood clots and stroke. If you're considering HRT for menopause symptom relief, discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. HRT is no longer recommended for treating osteoporosis due to its risks and available alternative options. Bisphosphonate medications are generally recommended instead. Other medications that may be considered include teriparatide, denosumab, or selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs).