Osteopenia means your bones are weaker than they used to be, but not weak enough to be classified as osteoporosis. If left uncontrolled, osteopenia can turn into osteoporosis. Preventing and treating osteopenia involves medications and lifestyle changes. First, exercise is crucial for strengthening bones. Weight-bearing exercises like walking, stair climbing, dancing, and lifting weights can effectively increase bone density. Second, diet is also important. Foods rich in calcium and vitamin D promote bone health. Good sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, and nuts. Vitamin D can be obtained from sunlight exposure, but in moderation. Additionally, some foods like grains and dairy products are fortified with vitamin D. Lifestyle changes are also significant. Quitting smoking and reducing alcohol consumption help maintain bone health. Excessive salt and caffeine intake may lead to calcium loss, so it's advisable to limit them. For those who have already had fractures, doctors may prescribe medications to prevent osteoporosis. Common medications include bisphosphonates, hormone replacement therapy, teriparatide, and raloxifene. These drugs help slow down bone density loss or even increase it. Finally, calcium and vitamin D supplements are important. Most adults need 1,000-1,200 milligrams of calcium and 600-800 international units of vitamin D daily. If dietary intake is insufficient, supplements can be considered.