Lower back pain can be caused by various spine issues. Some common causes include bulging or ruptured disks, disk degeneration, spondylolisthesis, axial spondyloarthritis, osteoporosis, spinal stenosis, spine irregularities, spine infections, and vertebrogenic low back pain. To diagnose the cause, doctors may use health history, X-rays, and MRIs. Treatments include medication, maintaining a healthy weight, a nutritious diet rich in calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus, and exercise to strengthen core muscles. If these treatments don't work, surgery like discectomy or spinal laminectomy may be recommended.