Medications for treating osteoporosis mainly have two effects: increasing bone density and reducing the risk of fractures. Types of medications include calcium and vitamin D supplements, bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), calcitonin, and biologics. The duration of treatment varies for each individual, generally requiring long-term use. Some medications may need to be taken for several years or even longer. Specific medication plans should be decided based on the doctor's advice and regular bone density check-ups.