What are the treatments available for bone metastasis and their side effects?

Treatments for bone metastasis include various approaches to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Systemic treatments, like chemotherapy and hormone therapy, target cancer cells throughout the body. Chemotherapy can shrink tumors and relieve pain but may cause side effects like nausea and hair loss. Bisphosphonates and denosumab help prevent bone loss and fractures. Bisphosphonates are taken orally or through IV and may cause bone pain or jaw osteonecrosis. Denosumab is injected and can also cause low calcium levels. Radiation therapy targets specific bone areas to destroy cancer cells and relieve pain. Possible side effects include skin irritation and fatigue. Surgery can stabilize weak bones or repair fractures, with risks like infection. Ablation techniques use heat or chemicals to destroy tumors, possibly causing temporary soreness. Noninvasive ultrasound therapy offers pain relief by destroying nerve endings around the tumor, with rare complications like skin burns.