The most common complication of osteoporosis is fractures, especially in the hip, spine, and wrist. Because the bones become fragile, even minor falls or bumps can lead to serious fractures. Spinal fractures can cause back pain and height loss, while hip fractures often require surgery to fix and have a long recovery period. Important preventive measures for osteoporosis include getting enough calcium and vitamin D, regular weight-bearing exercises, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.