If left untreated, osteoporosis makes bones fragile and increases the risk of fractures. Common fractures include compression fractures in the spine, leading to height loss and abnormal curvature (kyphosis). These fractures may be discovered during imaging tests but can also cause sudden pain during activities like coughing, bending, laughing, or driving over speed bumps. Pain can affect daily activities such as bending, reaching, lifting, and climbing stairs. Untreated osteoporosis also increases the risk of fractures from falls, such as hip, femur, or pelvis fractures. Proper treatment can reduce the likelihood of fractures, pain, and other complications. Common treatments for osteoporosis include antiresorptive medications and anabolic agents. Lifestyle changes are also important, such as quitting smoking, increasing calcium and vitamin D intake, and engaging in balance and strength training. Fall prevention is crucial, such as installing handrails and being aware of medication side effects.